Sacred Lands in Wyoming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sacred Lands in Wyoming - Essay Example It is wrong to just appropriate someone's culture without understanding the traditions and history behind it. Moreover, it is unjust to seek to profit from the Lakota spirituality without giving back to the community. The people who dabble in such acts do not usually care that they are offending the owners of the cultural practices. The declaration was quite serious as the Lakota have gone to court to preserve the integrity of their religious beliefs1 and have gone to such lengths as banning non-natives from attending Sun Dances.2 The worst offenders are usually the people who are guided by the profit motive. People who are not Lakota appropriate the ceremonies when in fact they are not entitled. Taking Jews as an example: if the people who do not understand Judaism at all adopt a half -understood calendar of ceremonies and elect a Rabbi who cannot even read Hebrew, the Jews would be deeply offended. These profit-oriented people prey on the need for human beings to find acceptance an d to belong somewhere. As the declaration states, most of the new age religions are led by hucksters and commercial profiteers who are not entitled to take their ceremonies and earn a living off their cultural theft (Mesteth, Elk and Hawk). ... nnabes) are aping the practices of the Lakota without any respect or consideration for the First Nations Peoples’ feelings (â€Å"Responses to War against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality†). Their interest might be genuine, but then they go too far at times. This has engendered mistrust among the native tribes of America. It is indeed a mockery of the peoples’ traditions when the intent is to become one of them by buying tokens of their religious practices. Tribal members view these people as problematic because they will try to pass themselves off as one of them. This leads to confusion among the rest of the Americans who understand very little about the Indian tribes. The issue of confusion is further exacerbated by the fact that most Indians are not forthcoming about themselves since they are a very proud people. As Lynnette put it, it is all about a way of life and not a fad to be followed when one fancies it. Since the wannabes are following a fad, it becom es disrespectful to the tribes as they do not bother to learn about the First Nations Peoples. These people who are described as wannabes would be best served if they visited the reservations and actually tried to do some good for the tribes and communities. There are serious problems bedeviling the tribes and they would learn about the tribes’ culture as they were doing good works in the communities. 3) Do: Find some responses from individuals who belong to one of the categories you described in #2. Answer: Do you think that these individuals should be able to continue using Native American religious symbols, beliefs and experiences in the manner they have been? Why or why not? Do their responses to the Declaration present a convincing argument to let them continue their activities? Why or why not? The

Favorite Holidays Essay Example for Free

Favorite Holidays Essay 1. One of my favorite Holidays is 4th of July. A few years ago my dad and I went to Washington to pick out some illegal fireworks. So we went to the Black Cat firework store . I got some mortars and roman candles and all the fun fireworks you could think of. So the day before 4th of July we were lighting off a few roman candles and all of a sudden a under cover police car pulled into our driveway and the police officer inside the car said â€Å"are you lighting off illegal fireworks?† because he saw me with the roman candles, and my dad said â€Å"yes† so the police officer confiscated all the fireworks we had bought and were fined a thousand dollars. We did get our ticket reduced down to $250 because we attended a fire works class. This definitely opened my eyes to the danger of fire works. From that day forward, I’ve learned not to do anything your not supposed to do, like buy illegal fireworks. 2. My sister graduated last year and moved to Los Angeles to pursue her passion. She grew up training in dance and singing. We have a close family and we support her all the way. My family and I traveled to see her this summer. She sang originals song and danced with her back up dancers for the music label industry. Very important people were their to see her. She did fantastic and is signing with a major record label. She will be releasing her single by the end of this year and her album in Januarary of 2014. This was a big eye opener to me to know that working hard and pursuing your dreams can really come true. 3. A couple years ago my grandmother passed away. She was very sick the last few days she was alive and my family and I knew she only had a few more days before she was to pass away. I helped her all that I could and so did my parents. She was a great grandmother and nobody could replace her, she was my dads mother, she was the best grandmother anybody could ask for. I remember the game we use to play when she would babysit me, it was called hide the thimble. She had a thumb thimble for sewing, and we use to hide it all over her house kind of like hide and seek, she also used to make the best brownies I have ever eaten. But from that day on I have always learned one thing, you never know how much you miss someone until there gone.

Reader Response Essay - Slave Purchases and Breeding: Unruly Slave :: Reader Response Essays

Reader Response Essay - Slave Purchases and Breeding: Unruly Slave My initial response to G. B. Wallace’s letter was one of confusion. As I reread the piece given the title â€Å"Slave Purchases and Breeding: Unruly Slave, Wallace, G.B† I realized that it was nothing more than a business letter between a slave owner and an associate of his that could presumably help him out of his situation. The language of the letter created a small barrier, since it was out of date in comparison to contemporary American language, but with a little effort, I could see the author’s intentions. For example, I have never heard the word â€Å"aforesaid† used before. Using the context of the letter, I could deduce that it simply means mentioned earlier or said beforehand. This reaction doesn’t surprise me because I rarely read literature from this time period, and anything you don’t do often takes a little time to get used to. I adjusted to the language easily, because the letter was short and simple, thus requiring little patience to understand. As far as my reaction to the actual subject matter of the letter, I was not overly shocked or repelled by the inhumanity concerning the slaves. I don’t support slavery or reconcile any prejudices. I think human property is very wrong. Americans should be ashamed to bear its disgraces as part of our history. The truth should be known, though; that is part of our history, and many horrible things happened because of it. This short letter, however, did not arouse any of the anger that comes with the portrayal of such injustice. I am a sensible person, but I am also very sympathetic and sensitive to the needs of others. When extreme prejudices occur, such as slavery, and I read stories or watch movies about it, it really does sadden me. I didn’t feel this way at all after reading this letter about slave trading. Maybe it is because nothing in the letter, such as the tone or word usage, led me to believe that these slaves were being mistreated. Obviously, slavery in itself is mistreatment, but it was also part of the southern culture of that time period. I mean, just because someone owned slaves doesn’t necessarily mean he is a horrible person. People do things that I consider to be immoral all the time, but I don’t condemn them as bad.

Placebo and Justinus :: Papers

Placebo and Justinus After discussing the dangers and advantages of marrying young women, January asks friends for advice. Placebo [Latin, "I will please"] flatters him, telling him he is right to marry a young woman. Justinus [L. "just one"] warns him of the dangers he risks and counsels him not to marry, based on his own experience as a married man. January does what he wants, in the end, and suffers for it. Their speeches are almost a little play about bad and good advice. Are they played for satiric/comic effect, or do they seem to tend toward tragedy? Especially note the way January responds to their advice (IV.1566-1571). January then discussed his problem with his friends and expressed his desire to marry a very young maiden of not more than twenty years old. This led to a great debate and a dispute between the Knight’s brothers named Placebo and Justinus. While Placebo told January to take his own decision without taking anybody’s opinion into consideration, Justinus counseled against marriage since women are fickle. January then decided to get married. January, wished to have a young wife of no older than thirty, for a young wife would be more pliable, but Placebo warned him that it takes great courage for such an aged man to take a young wife. He warned him of the misery that can come from taking a wife, for she could be shrewish or a drunkard, facts that a husband will not learn until well into the marriage. Despite the common opinion that Placebo has a wonderful wife, he knows what faults she has. They argue about the merits of marriage, with Placebo predicting that January will not please his wife for more than three years, but Placebo eventually assents to January's plan. January finally decided to take a young and pretty wife, foolishly believing that nobody would find fault with his choice. He spoke to Placebo and his friends about his choice, praising his intended wife. January, however, worries that a man who finds

Importance of Teamwork

Discuss the Importance of Teamwork for the Systems Analyst A systems analyst is in charge of the operating system and associated subsystems. In addition, he is responsible for identifying alternatives for optimizing computer resources. This necessitates a joint action with other persons, whether they are internal clients or external. If the system analyst carries out efficient teamwork, and harmonizes the contributions of all clients towards an agreed objective, his efficiency will be far greater than individual accomplishment. Teamwork refers to the mutual effort by a group of persons for achieving a common goal.On the other hand the system analyst designs new IT systems to ameliorate business efficiency and productivity. The systems analyst need to present their designs to clients and once the design is approved; they work closely with the user team to launch the solution. To achieve this, the systems analyst needs to work closely with the customers, examine the business model bein g currently used by the business and the flow of information in the organization. His findings are discussed again with the customer team and he devises an apposite improved IT based solution.During his work, the system analyst also draws up the outline of the new system, finds out and estimates the cost and specifies how the client will use the information. At each of these steps the systems analyst is required to team up with the potential users and use such a teamwork behavior that will lead to better performance (U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006). The systems analyst usually has to evaluate and study the organizational culture of the client, he has to assess and understand the preferences of the team members of the client and review the current circumstances of the client organization.This is important for the systems analyst to liaison widely with the external or internal clients. For example, the systems analyst may have to liaison with the systems de alers to get the cost estimate correct and he has to liaison with the company managers to assess their needs correctly. The systems analyst has to translate client requirements into highly complex and detailed project briefs. This effort would not be possible unless he collaborated extensively with the users. This requires teamwork. Teamwork is also important because the systems analyst is often required to draw up proposals for modified or replacement systems.In addition, he is required to create logical and innovative solutions to complex problems. What the systems analyst is required to do is to identify options for potential solutions and evaluating them for both technical and business suitability. To draw up proposals for modified or replacement systems, teamwork is required to ascertain the preferences of the user team members. Further, to come up with logical and innovative solutions, the systems analyst must be able to get feedback from people outside the team.In short the s ystems analyst must be able to join forces with outside and inside people to successfully complete his project. While dealing with the client, the systems analyst must be able to get a wide range of views from the staff, peer groups, customers and senior management of the client organization, He must be able to take a wide outlook when he is setting behavioral goals for themselves. The systems analyst should improve the quality of these goals by joining forces the users and developers so that there is technical compatibility as well as client satisfaction.This co-ordination role of the systems analyst requires a high degree of teamwork. It is the responsibility of the systems analyst to ensure that the budgets are not exceeded and the deadlines are adhered to. In order to achieve these goals the systems analyst needs to identify and manage conflicting expectations of different person and even groups. For instance, he must be able to manage the conflict between the user requirements and budgetary constraints. In addition, he must be able to initiate and harmonize the dialogues between different groups, for example the client management and developers (U. S.Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006). In practice the systems analyst needs to research, plan, maintain, troubleshoot, configure, install and upgrade operating systems. In addition, in several organizations he is required to troubleshoot, maintain, install, plan and upgrade hardware and software interfaces with the operating system. For this he needs to analyze and interpret the current or planned business procedures or problems. The system analyst needs to work independently as well as work towards the team goals of maintaining the operating systems as well as the systems in excellent condition.Moreover, he needs to understand the goals of the system users and meet their expectation. The users of the system should feel a sense of ownership towards the systems that they are using. They should feel committed to the systems that they have helped to create. This feeling can only be created if there is teamwork between the systems analyst and the users. The users of the system should collaborate with the systems analyst to use their abilities and knowledge to contribute to the success of the system. There are a number of routine tasks that a systems analyst needs to perform in the due course of his work.For example, he has to work with technical staff, such as networking to put into operation connectivity and compatibility among systems. Even for these tasks teamwork is very important. Moreover, teamwork is required of the systems analyst for assisting personnel of other departments in matters related to information technology, training new recruits in the use of computer resources and providing information technology orientation to new recruits. The systems analyst must gain the trust of all the users he is dealing with; only then will they express their opinion, conflicti ng views and enquiries.A systems analyst must make a sincere effort to be upright, truthful and honest. He should have active listening skills. He should aim towards participative decision-making and resolve problems constructively. Teamwork has become an important part of the job specification of a systems analyst and many organizations evaluate the teamwork skills when recruiting a systems analyst. Most systems analysts realize that teamwork is important because either the system is sufficiently complex that it takes a team with multiple skills to design, and a better system will result when a team approach is adopted.In short it is important that systems analysts learn to work in a team environment so that they will have teamwork skills so important for their jobs. To sum teamwork is very important for the systems analyst. He is required to regularly collect information, examine and evaluate current or planned systems. Each of these actions requires interaction with individuals a nd teaming up with diverse individuals. Even in his regular and mechanical responsibilities he needs to meet with people and get them involved in the IT process. Finally, even in case of multifarious support duties that are assigned to him, collaboration is essential.

buy custom Computer usage is a Threat to Human Health essay

buy custom Computer usage is a Threat to Human Health essay Most organizations all over the globe are embracing technology to ensure that the quality of their output improves. Computer usage is picking up at a higher rate in most of these organizations. The continuous usage of computers in most organizations is in turn posing a great threat to human health. For instance, it leads to back problems, eyesight problems, and leads to E-thrombosis. Opponents claim that computers are not harmful to human health as they promote speed and ensure accuracy of transactions in the organization. They see computer usage in organizations to be composed of only positive results. This paper explicates continued computer usage and the resulting health hazards. Computer usage leads to back problems. Computer usage involves a lot of bending of the back when typing the information into the computer. This could result in back pains in the end. This is especially rampant where the users sit on chairs that do not offer enough comfort. In most organizations, an individual is expected to work using the machine the whole day. This means these individuals spend the whole day bending thus straining their backs. This is a common occurrence in the busiest departments where computers are used to achieve faster and efficient processing of orders (Oja and Parsons, 104). Individuals are thus exposed to back problems that result in immense pain and could make individuals unable to work efficiently in the future. This dangerous health problem could result in a slower generation because these individuals are not able to carry out their normal activities. The back problems are becoming an increasing problem among the youth. The back problems are thus a serious threat to the countrys future. It leads to eyesight problems. Individuals stare at the computer screens every day they are on duty. Continuous staring at the computers while working could result in eyesight problems. This is because individuals are exposed to the computers bright light. They also have to strain especially when reading vital information from the computers. This continued exposure to the computer light leads to untreatable eyesight problems. The eyes could ache, and the individual could eventually lose effective eyesight (Shelly, Cashman and Gunter, 497). The unregulated computer light is dangerous and continued exposure to it leads to the indivdual even totally losing out the eyesight. Doctors have raised alarm that the eyesight problems resulting from computer usage are increasing at a faster rate. They also fear that these problems are becoming harder to tackle. The eyesight problems lead to loss of quality labor. This problem is prevalent among the whole generation; children and the youth could be affected posing a serious threat to the countrys hope. The loss of eyesight due to computer usage is could be avoided by regulating the number of hours one spends in front of the computer. Computer usage for longer periods could lead to E-thrombosis. This condition is associated with spending too many hours sitting in front of the computer. E-thrombosis leads to the swelling of the blood veins in the legs. Individuals who spend longer hours attending to computer activities without standing to exercise their legs risk suffering from this condition. In addition, the individual could be exposed to other conditions such as frequent collapsing and the inability to lead a normal life. Research asserts that individuals who spend longer hours at the computers without taking a break to exercise their legs risk the effect of blood clots in their veins thus the inability to walk later on. This means the flow in the veins is restricted, and the individual could lose his life. The unstable blood flow could lead to the eventual death of the individual due to the inefficiency of the lungs to operate effectively. Computer usage for longer hours could limit most people from participati ng in other activities and could permanently lose the ability to walk (Oja and Parsons, 112). Amputations could also result from this problem. This problem could be averted by taking off some time to exercise the leg muscles for effective blood flow. On the other hand, computer usage improves the speed of working. Computers are the main electronic devices that support faster processing of data in any given organization. This means that transactions and information is processed at a faster rate for effective decision making in the organization. Use of computers ensures that vital business opportunities are not missed by the organization. This could in turn lead to faster implementation of all the organizational activities for the achievement of goals and objectives. The required information between various departments can also be relayed faster hence boosting the speed at which efforts are coordinated form the achievement of results. Computers improve the general speed of working and communication in the organization thus improving the organizations performance. The speed at which computers work would enable the management saves a lot because only a few individuals are required to operate the computers. Individual efforts in ensur ing that speed is achieved are minimized as the computers perform all the tasks. This ensures that people are less tired hence reducing the level of negative effects on their health. Computers promote accuracy in the organizations. Computers contribute to the accuracy of different documents in the organization. They are not prone to errors like humans. They could calculate technical situations and effectively detect errors. This ensures that an organization is in a good position to make sound decisions with accurate information. Their output is reliable because of its accurate nature. The accurate information provided by computers is vital to the management as it gives the organizations correct picture for decision- making. Accuracy is enhanced by the set of programs that are installed in these computers. Opponents claim that it eases human stress by reducing their levels of reasoning concerning the accuracy of information. In addition, the accuracy of the information enhances reliability on the information. The management is in a better position to put in place corrective measures in cases where errors occur because the information gives the proper direction. In conclusion, continuous computer usage poses many health problems but their usage cannot be stopped because of their positive side. Computer users are likely to be exposed to many problems that result in permanent loss of their vital body parts. For instance, individuals exposed to back problems are unable to perform other activities that require the support of the back. They are unable to bend and perform other tasks hence leading to inefficiency in the utilization of activities. Individuals lose their eyesight resulting to a generation that is unable to see. The loss of eyesight means individuals are unable to read or write in the normal course of their lives. On the other hand, computers promote the speed of working and ensure that accuracy of the output is achieved. Computer usage for longer periods is generally harmful to an individuals health. Buy custom Computer usage is a Threat to Human Health essay

Fun Holiday Science Projects

Fun Holiday Science Projects Are you looking for another source of fun for the winter holidays? Why not add some educational science projects with a winter holiday theme? These seasonal activities and experiments will entertain you, plus you may learn something too. Christmas Tree Preservative - You can use a little chemical know-how to keep your holiday tree fresh and beautiful. All you need are some common household ingredients. Marbled Scented Gift Wrap - Use a surfactant to marble paper to make your own gift wrap. You can embed a fragrance in the paper, too, so that it can smell like candy canes or Christmas trees. Make Your Own Snow - If the temperature where you live dips below freezing, then dont settle for polymer snow. Make your own water snow! Magic Crystal Christmas Tree - Grow crystals on a paper or sponge Christmas tree with this fun and easy project. Poinsettia pH Paper - The colorful bracts of this traditional holiday decoration contain a pigment that you can harvest for use as a pH indicator. Kid-Friendly Snow Globe - This is an arts-and-crafts type of project that shows even very young kids how to make their own snow globe or water globe. Crystal Snow Globe - On the other hand, if you are more proficient with chemistry, try using benzoic acid in your snow globe. The benzoic acid precipitates into crystals that look very much like real snow. Make Colored Flame Pinecones - Toss one or more of these pinecones onto a holiday fire to produce colored flames. Make Fake Snow - Do you want a white Christmas, but know it wont snow? Make artificial snow! Make Peppermint Cream Wafers - This is a cooking recipe that is written more like a chemistry project procedure. You can eat the candy that you make. Copper Plate a Christmas Ornament - This is an electrochemistry project in which you plate a bright copper coating onto a holiday ornament. Its educational and produces a pretty decoration. Make Snow Ice Cream - You can learn about freezing point depression or just make a tasty treat. If you dont have snow, substitute shaved ice in these recipes. Grow a Crystal Snowflake - Crystal snowflakes make beautiful sparkly holiday ornaments. They grow overnight, so they dont take much time to make. Cheery Colored Fire - A holiday fire is always nice, but its even more festive if you add some color. These chemicals are readily available and safe enough for use in your home. Re-Use the Turkey Thermometer - You dont have to throw away the pop-up thermometer that comes with a holiday turkey. You can reset the thermometer to use for other turkeys or poultry. Glow in the Dark Crystal Snowflake - These snowflakes are cool because after you turn out the lights they continue to glow for a while. Baking Powder vs Baking Soda - If you run out of one or the other during your holiday baking, you can substitute the ingredients. You just need to understand the chemistry of baking powder and baking soda. Silver Crystal Christmas Tree - Grow pure silver crystals on a tree form to make a glittering silver Christmas tree. This is an easy chemistry project that makes a spectacular decoration. Holiday Gifts You Can Make Top Gifts Science Geeks Can Make - This is a collection of quick and easy gifts you can make using your chemistry know-how. Signature Scent Perfume - Crafting a signature scent is a classic chemistry project. Solid Perfume - You can also make a solid perfume, which is a convenient alternative to liquid perfume. Fizzy Bath Balls - Fizzy bath balls use sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to produce their fizz. Scented Bath Salts - There are different types of salts. A good scientist knows which to use to make soothing bath salts. Festive Gel Air Fresheners - You can make your own air fresheners. You can layer festive colors and add holiday scents, too.

Market Exchange

Market Exchange With our product being the most successful in a highly populated country, the following are the top ten most populated countries and their growth rates. China is the largest country with a population of 1.3 billion and an annual growth rate of 2.5%. Indian is second with a population of 1.087 billion and an annual growth rate of 1.7%. The United States is the third most populous country with a population of 294 million and an annual growth rate of 0.6%. Indonesia is the fourth most populous country with a population of 218 million and an annual growth rate of 1.6%. Brazil is the fifth most populous country with a population of 179 million and an annual growth rate of 1.3%. Pakistan is the sixth most populous country with an annual growth rate of 159 million and an annual growth rate of 2.4%. Russia is the seventh most populous country with a population of 144 million and an annual growth rate of -0.6%.The Flower of the East Marina, a multi-billion dol...Bangladesh is the eighth most populous country with a population of 141 million and an annual growth rate of 2.1%. Nigeria is the ninth most populous country with a population of 137 million and an annual growth rate of 2.9%. Japan is the tenth most populous country with a population of 128 million and a annual growth rate of 0.1%. (2004 World Population Data Sheet, 2004, p. 2-12)China, as of 2002, became the largest recipient of foreign direct investment at $53 billion. While this is by far the largest amount, it only represents a per capita foreign direct investment of $30 per person. The compares very poorly to other developing nations such as Brazil with a per capita foreign direct investment of approximate $195 per person. This represents a significant opportunity for our company to leverage the...

Should sick people pay more for health insurance Research Paper

Should sick people pay more for health insurance - Research Paper Example However, I do not think sick people should pay more for health insurance. This is because doing so would create several ethical issues that may in turn lead to crisis. It is worth noting that the value of life cannot be quantified by money. Making sick people to pay more for health insurance would create some shadow of discrimination amongst the people in the society. The feeling of not being wanted would set in the sick. Surely the sick need the support of the society to keep them psychological and emotionally strong. They need this support more than the healthy. When such a thing happens, we would be killing these people by making demanding much from them instead of supporting them. Besides, sickness is not a permanent condition thus it is wrong to assume that if someone is sick today, then they will be sick tomorrow. It is therefore unnecessary to make people pay more when their conditions are not permanent. It will therefore inhuman to subject the sick in more expenses when they need our

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Euthanasia - Essay Example Dear readers, I am leading you to understand the artworks of The Almighty: keeping you in His wings of love in a story of sacrifice that describes beneath the beauty of words as to how pain and illness could lead one to walk in His path and how others could closely follow and find the means to hold hope and faith through pain and sacrifice in this physical world. There is always something in store for us. When a door closes, another one opens, and it could be physical or spiritual, but it serves to enlighten us and the people within our hemisphere. The terminally ill person might take an account of their different travel logs, whether they are conscious or unconscious in state, they are dealing on their own perspectives and their own travails in a different sense in their present world. It is like a transformation from this physical world to a world that is remarkably beyond utterance and grasp. It is where the only ones who can understand are the ones who have been there and the ones who are in transit to that aspect. A meeting of faith and a meeting of the transformed belief and outlook in life no mathematical equation can ever quantify the output of that fraction. I believe that the greatest journey that I have in life is the travel from my heart to my mind. Seeing the location of both is only a near distance proximity but the evolvement of pure understanding and integral acceptance of self among a lot of things could put a large American court to process conformity to both perception and instincts. And when you reach that thing, it is a point of no return for here you will gather the wisdom of seeing what others fail to see and understand. Wisdom is a good consultation of a wise opinion coming from pure discernment through silence and fellowship with God from vast experience usually embedded in the art of pain and sacrifice. It is a total confirmation of the existence of The Almighty God and his close association with our mental and heartfelt prayers in life. And so below we see a list of reasons for marching against euthanasia. I say reasons because it is more personal as life, factors are considered to be more technical in their sense and pronouncements. A. Disregard of the Divine Intervention in our Lives This is what I have been relaying to you from my close to monologue expression above. It is a great sin to lose hope and deny the existence of our God and Creator. Every day we see a miracle. The very fact that we are standing here is a miracle in itself for I always believe that today is God's gift and tomorrow is God's mercy. This is the very thought that motivates me to strive to work to sustain life in a heap of cost of living expenses. Only God can take back what He has given. God gives, God takes! It is by His Divine Mercy that we have what we enjoy now and it is in our great awe and heartfelt thanks that we do follow His lead of good deeds. Miracles still happen. And it is only by God's great mercy that we can have these life extensions we need and deserve even though

The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the Act of Family and Medical Leave was updated on 16 June 2009 to include new military family leaves entitlements, which was enacted in 2008 under the National Defense Authorization Act. This act was put in place to enable workers to balance work and family responsibilities. The act accommodates employers’ legitimate interests while promoting equal employment opportunities for both women and men. The situation applies to case A, as the employee was taking leave to care for their newborn twins. He was eligible given that he had worked for more than 12 months. Further, the leave was less than twelve weeks. There was no violation in this case because the employee was granted leave and reported back at the stipulated time. Since the leave is unpaid, he was not entitled to any payment. The 1967 law of Age Discrimination was meant to protect individuals and employees aged 40 years and above from discrimination on the basis of age durin g hiring, compensation, discharge, promotion, terms, and conditions, or privileges of employment. â€Å"The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforces this act†. The situation applies in the case B as the employee, aged above 40 years, was denied promotion because of his age. This happened despite the fact that his work performance was above average. Clearly, this was a violation because the promotion was denied solely on account of his age. The Disability Act of America was enacted to prevent any form of discrimination against employees with disability in transportation, government activities, communication, and public accommodation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) states that the ADA Act of 1990 requires employers to make provisions for reasonable accommodations to qualified employees or job applicants with disabilities albeit without constituting an undue hardship to the company

SWOT Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SWOT Analysis - Case Study Example Prior to the implementation of this strategy, the company had been in financial trouble. The admission of this issue had lead to a decrease in the employee's happiness, and then eventually, this lead to a labor relations issue. Acme, because of its business type, had to employ a wide variety of different workers because of its use of highly skilled technology. Therefore, it had geologists, geophysicists, engineers, (referred to as "the brains")as well as semiskilled labor (referred to as "the brawn") working together to create a functional business. In 1994, these two different levels of employees clashed in a very serious way that also became distressingly public. Engineers at the plant in Wichita locked out union workers and left them outside in the hot Kansas summer. The press got a hold of the story and the media went awry with the issue, and most employees felt that the press went far overboard with its push of the story. However, the bad publicity caused a change of the chief e xecutive, and Bill Daniels was brought in. Daniels displayed talent previously and had experience with teamwork and change. He wound up being a very good selection for the company. Daniels was good with the media, for one, so he was able to deflect some of the bad publicity. Second, he was able to restore the hurting company within his first year by getting rid of unnecessary parts of the business to save money. He was able to change management's tactics and created a shared-services department which focused on total quality management, and Jimenez became in charge of this group. Daniels had wanted Jimenez to improve the moral at the company's five extraction sites, as morale was low all around. Wichita was the only site where things had come to such a head, but the two individuals still felt that all sites needed to be considered in this re-organization project. Jimenez was ready to go; she had an M.B.A. and had also worked with a consulting firm prior to coming to Acme. She had worked at Acme for ten years, and had much experience with the company. She was provided with a team to assist her and she focused on a morale strategy. First, they team focused on Wichita, which had been the company's severe problem area. The plant had other issues other than the "brains" and the "brawn" infighting in the company; the plant was also performing below average, and the former CEO had considered getting rid of the plant altogether. All the change programs the old management had tried had failed, but Jimenez felt that these program's failures were fairly predictable since they had posed unrealistic expectations in the first place. With this in mind, Jimenez was able to fix the labor relations problem. Things were not as smoothly as they could have been, but the plan still worked and things were successful overall. Daniels had bragged about this early suc cess to the stakeholders and ensured that this success could be performed at the other plants. When moving the strategy to Lubbock, Jimenez could have been overconfident. She sent one of her people out there with two other staff in order to implement the strategy. Several problems began to occur after that. In Lubbock, issues that hadn't occurred in Wichita began to occur. The employees seemed reluctant to participate in any of the problem-solving and team-building concepts the company had put

Water for Profit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water for Profit - Essay Example Sometimes a sense of urgency of solving this problem is lacking until it is too late to do anything and then suffer its adverse consequences causing untold misery and numerous unnecessary deaths. It used to be that water from any source is clean and safe to drink, whether from the spring, river, lake or artesian well. Prior to the advent of the Industrial Revolution, this was a case usually in most rural areas. But the rise of factories and urban centers occasioned by the Industrial Revolution forced many people to live in congested and confined areas with little or no regard to sanitation. Before Western medicine and scientific research took hold, epidemics were fairly common, most of them caused by dirty water that had water-borne diseases in it. A new paradigm must be pursued regarding water resources, that although it is renewable, it is a not inexhaustible resource. There are many instances and situations where there is plenty of water but none of it is drinkable due to pollution. This paper examines a modern phenomenon of water being sold for profit, an unthinkable situation even just a few decades ago. People no longer trust their tap water and resort to drinking supp osedly purified water in plastic bottles. Nobody can dispense with drinking water. The rise of big cities and urban centers is a sign of progress and development. These areas require modern methods of sewerage and the sewage system, together with piping potable water into homes and offices. In his book, author Peter H. Glieck lamented the war on tap water in favor of profits and big business to the utter detriment of ordinary people. Good public governance requires those in power to provide all the basic necessities in life, through utilities such as municipal water and electricity to power homes and businesses. Suddenly, public water fountains disappeared from most public areas and bottled water is

SWOT Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SWOT Analysis - Case Study Example Prior to the implementation of this strategy, the company had been in financial trouble. The admission of this issue had lead to a decrease in the employee's happiness, and then eventually, this lead to a labor relations issue. Acme, because of its business type, had to employ a wide variety of different workers because of its use of highly skilled technology. Therefore, it had geologists, geophysicists, engineers, (referred to as "the brains")as well as semiskilled labor (referred to as "the brawn") working together to create a functional business. In 1994, these two different levels of employees clashed in a very serious way that also became distressingly public. Engineers at the plant in Wichita locked out union workers and left them outside in the hot Kansas summer. The press got a hold of the story and the media went awry with the issue, and most employees felt that the press went far overboard with its push of the story. However, the bad publicity caused a change of the chief e xecutive, and Bill Daniels was brought in. Daniels displayed talent previously and had experience with teamwork and change. He wound up being a very good selection for the company. Daniels was good with the media, for one, so he was able to deflect some of the bad publicity. Second, he was able to restore the hurting company within his first year by getting rid of unnecessary parts of the business to save money. He was able to change management's tactics and created a shared-services department which focused on total quality management, and Jimenez became in charge of this group. Daniels had wanted Jimenez to improve the moral at the company's five extraction sites, as morale was low all around. Wichita was the only site where things had come to such a head, but the two individuals still felt that all sites needed to be considered in this re-organization project. Jimenez was ready to go; she had an M.B.A. and had also worked with a consulting firm prior to coming to Acme. She had worked at Acme for ten years, and had much experience with the company. She was provided with a team to assist her and she focused on a morale strategy. First, they team focused on Wichita, which had been the company's severe problem area. The plant had other issues other than the "brains" and the "brawn" infighting in the company; the plant was also performing below average, and the former CEO had considered getting rid of the plant altogether. All the change programs the old management had tried had failed, but Jimenez felt that these program's failures were fairly predictable since they had posed unrealistic expectations in the first place. With this in mind, Jimenez was able to fix the labor relations problem. Things were not as smoothly as they could have been, but the plan still worked and things were successful overall. Daniels had bragged about this early suc cess to the stakeholders and ensured that this success could be performed at the other plants. When moving the strategy to Lubbock, Jimenez could have been overconfident. She sent one of her people out there with two other staff in order to implement the strategy. Several problems began to occur after that. In Lubbock, issues that hadn't occurred in Wichita began to occur. The employees seemed reluctant to participate in any of the problem-solving and team-building concepts the company had put

Theatre art research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Theatre art research project - Essay Example A movie review on the film was written by Bosley Crowther entitled â€Å"The African Queen (1951)† and published online in The New York Times. This review is to be compared with one which was written by Roger Ebert entitled â€Å"African Queen Still Reigns† and published in the Chicago Sun-Times. First of all, the time frame for the reviews were significantly different: Crowther apparently writing the review a day after the movie had been shown; while Ebert’s review was written in 1968, 16 years after its first showing. The results of the reviews were likewise understandably antithetical. While Crowther openly criticized the film with adjectives such as: incongruous, well-designed spoof, absurd, preposterous, anomalous, socially-bizarre, and even droll, among others; Ebert had contended that the movie was actually â€Å"an almost perfect illustration of how much a really good movie can please. Things happen on the screen that makes you happy. You get involved† (Ebert par. 8). He must have gathered previous reviews on the film since it was first shown and the time element could have afforded him with the opportunity to balance criticisms and comments from diverse sources. Secondly, the perspectives and points of views assumed to be taken by these film critics could rationalize the disparity in their perceptions. Crowther could have detached himself too much and seemed to follow a checklist for all the elements that allegedly fall out of line. On the other hand, Ebert assumed the stance of an audience, a traditional movie-goer, who immersed himself with the unified effect of the elements of the film and wrote the review after synthesizing and balancing its overall appeal to the audience. Despite the disparities, these movie critics shared similarities in terms of indicating the apparent appeal and popularity that could have been generated by the

How Traditional Family Cultural Survive in the Future Essay Example for Free

How Traditional Family Cultural Survive in the Future Essay Traditional businesses are essential and important for a country. These reveals the lovely culture and habits of nation. These are the most attractive places where foreigners visit whenever they arrive to the land. Foreigners also buy traditional products which is difficult to be bought in their places and be placed at their home for their arrival and remembrances of the places where they visited. Not only for foreigners but also for local people, traditional products show how a person love culture and tradition of that nation. They play an important role in the standard of nation, so it is impossible for them to be disappeared although they get a little way to success. When a country becomes more developed, there is a lesser number of traditional business. The other business are favored and traditional businesses are transformed into these businesses because they are relatively more easy to succeed and can get more profit. Traditional businesses are made by humans and cannot be substituted by others. Therefore, they are too expensive for basic people to buy and use them. The other substituted things are processed by machines and standardized. They produce in large quantities and get economy of scale and can be sold in low price. The basic choose the cheaper one for their daily use how much they love their tradition. But the country is based on basic class, not on upper class. The demands go down and traditions have to depend on foreigners and upper class, especially. There is a little chance for every traditional culture business to survive although it cannot be disappeared from the market. All have to transform and innovate new things. Their management style, production process orientation have to be upgraded. Almost all traditional businesses are sole traders. Their finances, profession and ability to do are limited. Only the person who leads the business decide what to do, how to do and who have to do. The other member are not included in the decision, the other members of the family or the floor workers. They have to change this because ones profession is limited, the decision may be very fast but may not be as good as one deciding by many. They do not have any accurate documents. Some only have Cash Book, Debtors book and Creditors book. They never draw any financial statement and never check their income and expenses. Some firms may not have any of these, they keep the cash to the drawers when something is sold. And at the end of the day, they keep it to the drawer. And also their pricing, they set the price above the cost of production. Prices are not set stable. Customer has to have full knowledge to get goods with right price. The production processes are made to be smooth. Not all the processes let human make. Making traditional things must be made by human but aided by machine. It can lessen time, make lower cost of production and can control the quality. Machines are more accurate than human. For example, in the process of making pots, they are fired with woods by humans. Instead of this ovens can be replaced. They can be fired with accurate temperature and woods do not need. It can lessen the cost and wages can be reduced. To do these, technology is the key point. Nowadays, we do business in production orientation. We do the best, but we do not know what the customers need, we do not find what they want from us. We have to change into marketing orientation. We must find out what customer needs, how can we fulfill their wish. We have to research on the market. People are bored when they get the only one thing. They always want newest thing, they always seek in us. We have to make innovation based on the tradition. It is important to have great care not missing tradition. foreigners are main customers for the traditional market. Although we can produce the products, we are weak in market distribution. so, we should need organization to improve traditional business. we should make internet website about traditional business. we should make knowledge distribution of tradition to the local. we should connect with travel tourism .so ,they introduce to visit our industry. And we explain the production process step by step thoroughly .we should create the design update. In traditional job, main problem is rare raw material. If we meet this problem , we should think the another way to substitute with other.

Neurological Aspects of Pain

Neurological Aspects of Pain 1.1. Functional Properties of Nerve Fibres 1.1.1. Properties of Peripheral Somatic Nerves Peripheral somatic nerves consists generally of somatic-motor, autonomic-motor and sensible fibres. 1.1.1.1. Somatic-motor fibres for the striated musculature The cell bodys of somatomotor fibres for the striated musculature are always lying in the brainstem (12 pare cerebral nerves) or the fore horn of the whole spinal medulla. The stimulus runs from central to peripheral (efferent). The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve consists of sensible fibres and no motor fibres. The shiatic nerve consists of 20% motor fibres, 30% sensible, and 50% sympathetic fibres. The gluteal nerves consist of pure motor fibres, sympathetic fibres and no sensible fibres. 1,2 1.1.1.2. Autonomic-motor fibres for the smooth muscles of blood- and lymphatic vessels The autonomic-motor fibres for the smooth muscles of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of sympathetic origin. Venes are not innervated. They function by the musculare pump system and in some cases by valves. The cells bodies of the autonomic-motor fibres are situated in the lateral horn between C8-L2. They are termed: the centro-ganglionar neurons. All motor neurons, situated in the spinal medulla go via the fore horn to the peripheral nerve. It must be mentioned that all smooth muscles can contract without external innervation (for example: heart, gut). This is due to the intrinsic nerve system with is influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. 3-5 1.1.1.3. Sensible fibres for somatic structures The sensible fibres for somatic structures originate from muscles, tendons, capsules, joints, ligaments and bones. Their cell bodies are lying in the spinal ganglions of the corresponding nerve (= afferent). 2,6 1.1.1.4. Sensible fibres for autonomic structures: blood- en lymphatic vessels The cell bodies of the sensible fibres for autonomic structures are situated in the spinal ganglions of the segments where the sympathetic neurons start (SI-joint: T11-L1). The peripheral autonomic nerve contains generally autonomic-motor and sensible fibres and serves for the innervation of organs. Glands are always dubble innervated (sympathetic and parasympathetic), except for the adrenals. 2 Examples: The femoral arterie contains sensible fibres which go to the spinal ganglions and arrive in the dorsal horn where connections exist, via intercalar neurons, with the origins of the sympathethic fibres of the levels T10-T11. Knee joint: is sensible innervated via the sciatic nerve (posterior side of the knee), but in the knee capsule, sensible fibres exist which connect via the femoral arterie the levels T10-T12. 1.1.2. Properties of Peripheral Autonomic Fibres Peripheral autonomic nerves consist of autonomic-motor and sensible fibres. They innervate organs and glands. 1.1.2.1. Viscero-sensible fibres The cell bodies of viscero-sensible nerve fibres are situated in the spinal ganglions of those segments from where the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons start. Example: the pelvis organs: S2-S4 and/or TLJ (= thoracolumbar junction). The TLJ receives a lot of information. Some of those stimuli go via the nervous supply in the blood vessel wall. 2 1.1.2.2. Motor fibres for smooth muscles The parasympathetic primary cells are situated in the brain stem to the level of C2 and the lateral horn of S2-S4. The sympathetic origin is situated in the lateral horn of C8-L2. 2,7,8 1.1.3. Axoplasma Flow of the Axons Materials and substances are moved within the cytoplasm of all cells. In the axoplasm (= cytoplasm of neurons), structures such as the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, microtubules and neurofilaments likely take part of the axoplasmic transport mechanism. Perhaps the human movement plays a role in this intracellular motility 9. In the cytoplasm of nerve fibres nutrients and transmitters are moved. At the nerve ends vesicles are located, that continue the transport into the gap junction. The transport in the axoplasma is termed antidrome and orthodrome transport. Antidrome (antegrade) transport occurs from central to the periphery and orthodrome (retrograde) transport in the opposite direction.1,10,11 For the sciatic nerve the antidrome transport is rather fast (12 hours), the orthodrome transport is slower (48 hours). 1.1.3.1. Signal transfer of the peripheral nerve fibres Ion-channels and receptors play an important role in the signal transfer of the peripheral nerve fibres. The ion-channels are located on the extremities of the fibres. They make the transport for the neurotransmitters possible. Receptors are specified. Every cell has ÂÂ ± 1 million receptors. The gates of the ion-channels (mostly proteins) can be inhibitory or excitatory. The Swann-cells are spread over the axon and form de myelin sheet. The myelin sheets are interrupted by the knots of Ranvier. In the CNS they are termed glial cells. The glial cells have several functions. The myelin sheets have a certain thickness. Unmyelinated axons have Schwann-cells as well. In myelinated axons the stimulus progresses salutatory and in unmyelinated axons the stimulus progresses slowly. The signal transfer of the peripheral nerve fibres has 3 kinds of stimulus progress being chemical transport, electric stimuli progression and axoplasm flow. Chemical transport occurs at the nerve ends, and consists of neurotransmitters. The transport depends of the kind of ion-channel, the neurotransmitter and the receptor. Electric stimuli progress over the axon and occur by opening of the ion-channels stimulation the own nerve ends due to production of the neurotransmitters. The speed of transmission depends of the presence of a myelin sheet and the diameter of the fibres. The axoplasm flow of the neurotransmitter in axoplasma (= chemical) occurs in 2 directions. Sometimes the pain can occur 24 hours after injury! It can also be very slow (up to 48 hours) and be resposible for the delayed onset of pain. 1,11 1.1.3.2. Morphologic and functional classification of nerve fibres: Understanding pain phenomen the morphologic and functional properties of nerve fibres is important. In time several classification systems have been investigated and proposed. 1.1.3.3. Classifying axons according to their conduction velocity In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a virtual use of classifying axons according to their conduction velocity 13. Three main categories were discerned, called A, B and C fibres: C fibres are the smallest and slowest. Mechanoreceptors generally fall in category A. The A group is further broken down into subgroups designated: the a fibres: the fastest the b fibres the d fibres: the slowest The muscle afferents axons are usually classified into four additional groups: I: the fastest II, III and IV: the slowest, with subgroups designated by lower case roman letters. 1.1.3.4. Properties of the A-d, A-b sensors or type I en II fibres The A-a and A-b fibres have low threshold properties. They are low threshold afferents/efferents, they have a quick adaptation, are bi- or monosynaptic and unimodal (= mechanosensors: only sensible for mechanical stimuli). They cross the midline in the spinal medulla. The A-b provides information about normal pressure or strain tension and the A-a provides information about position changes of joints in space. They give information about the smooth touch and kinesaesthesis in the skin. 1.1.3.5. Properties of the A-d and C sensors or type III en IV fibres 1.1.3.5.1. The A-d sensors or type III fibres The A-d or type III fibres are selective and have a slightly higher threshold than the A-a and the A-b sensors. They have a longer adaptation time. After a pin prick the pain keeps going on for a time which is a specific property of the A-d sensors. They are multisynaptic and cross the midline in the spinal medulla. A-d sensors are polymodal. They provide information about mechanical stretch and pressure forces from normal to noxious. They give information about temperature from normal to noxious stimuli. From 36,5ÂÂ °C tot 42ÂÂ °C especially C-fibres are involved. From 36,5ÂÂ °C tot 38ÂÂ °C the A-d fibres are responsible. A quantity of those fibres is noxious. They are termed: nocisensors but not all. Some measure only normal temperatures and they become nocisensors in case of tissue injury. 11 1.1.3.5.2. The C sensors or type IV fibres The C or type IV fibres are selective and have a high till very high threshold. They are slow to very slow with a long adaptation time. They have tonic and continuous activity properties. They cross the midline in the medulla medulla and are polymodal. The C fibres measure the chemical consistence of tissues from normal to noxious. They measure temperature from normal till abnormal (= noxious). Some of those fibres are nocisensors but not all of them. Example: the sensibility of the knee consists of 80% normal sensibility sensors and 20% nocisensors. 11 1.1.3.5.3. Difference between nocisensor- stimulation and pain A nocisensor measures the damage of injured tissue. A nocisensor can but must not necessarily provoke pain. A part of the A-d and C-fibres are nocisensors. They measure the damage or the almost-damage (mechanic, temperature, chemical). Their noxious stimulation does not always lead to pain perception. Here fore the stimulus must attain the thalamus and cerebral cortex, otherwise there is no pain sensation. Not all nociceptory stimuli rise so high to the midbrain or cortex. A lot of stimuli extinguish in the spinal medulla, the ascending pathways or in the brainstem. The stimulus attains the pain centres when the intensity of one stimulus is sufficient or when summation occurs of several stimuli in parts of the dorsal horn. As well reflectory (unconscious) as cognitive (conscious) reactions occur and the nocisensors will provoke pain, in case of severe damage. Thus, not all nocisensors provoke pain but they can be considered as normal pain fibres. It is logic that if a nocisensor is s ufficiently stimulated it will provoke the sensation of pain. A-d en C fibres can give pain thats not only caused by the damage itself, but as a result of the damage as well. A pain feelin which is more intense than normally expected is termed hyperalgesia. For example, when ice is applied on the skin it hurts but ice applied on a burned skin does hurt even more. When punctuated stimuli are applied on the course of the sciatic nerve it normally hurts but in case of sciatica it hurts even more (= hyperalgesia). Hyperalgesia is hypersensitivity on a stimulus that normally hurts, due to over stimulation of the nocisensors. The A-a and A-b fibres normally do not give pain, because they are not nocisensors. They register only normal values. Under certain circumstances they provoke pain. This happens in case of injured tissues or nerves or when the nocisensors become active. When nocisensors already give pain as a result of a decreased threshold, then the A-a and A-b fibres become sensiti ve as well. A light pressure on the pain area will also be painful. A low pressure- or strain force on the skin, tendons or muscles normally provoke no pain, but in case of damage it will well provoke pain. This is termed allodynia. Allodynia is pain that is caused by a stimulus that normally doesnt hurt due to an increased sensitivity of the the A-a and A-b fibres. This phenomon gives an opportunity to test the pain perception of the nervous system by use of pricking or brushing tests on the painfull area. There is a difference between nocisensor stimulation and the pain interpretation. 11 Table 5: Difference between nocicensor stimulation and pain. By use of selective stimulation the A-a and A-b fibres can be stimulated without that the A-d and C-fibres become active. This is caused by the low threshold of the A-a and A-ÃÆ'Ã… ¸ fibres compared with the A-d and C-fibres. A-d en C-fibres cant be stimulated selectively by use of mechanical stimuli because at the moment those fibres are stimulated; already the A-a and A-ÃÆ'Ã… ¸ fibres are active. When those become active, all fibres were stimulated. Also in case of nociception all those fibres are active. Selective stimulation can be used during TENS application or during active en passive mobilisations applied under the pain threshold level. 11 1.1.4. Hierarchy of the Nervous System The information processing in the nervous system happens on 4 levels. As well as the peripheral nerve ends, the dorsal horn, the brainstem and sub cortical and cortical levels are involvend. 1,7,11 1.1.4.1. The peripheral nerve ends The peripheral nerve ends are responsible for the uptake of information. The receptors are modulated by the state of surrounding tissue and the condition of the peripheral nerve. 1.1.4.2. The dorsal horn of the spinal medulla The dorsal horn modulates the incoming signals and is influenced by the state of the dorsal horn and the quantity and kind of gathered stimuli. 1.1.4.3. The brainstem The brainstem provides the primary responses with autonomic and hormonal modulations as a response to stimulation. 1.1.4.4. Sub cortical and cortical levels The sub cortical and cortical area provides the conscious cognitive and psycho-emotional modulation. The processing of the information and response on stimulation depends on the hierarchic manner, but always occurs with a total integration of the whole nerve system. 1.1.4.5. The Archi-, Paleo- and Neo level of the nervous system The nervous system can be ordered depending on a hierarchic manner in an archi, paleo and a neo level. 7 1.1.4.5.1. The Archi level The archi level consists of the gray matter (dorsal horn) of the spinal medulla, the ascending multisynaptic pathways in and around the gray matter, the medial pathways of the anterolateral quadrant, the mid part of the cerebellum and the brainstem (reticular formation). It is responsible for the most automatic movements after Hughlings Jackson. 7 1.1.4.5.2. The Paleo level The paleo level consists of the ascending pathways of the anterolateral quadrant, the descending pathways in the ventro-lateral quadrant, the hormonal and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem, the hypothalamus, certain parts of the cerebellum and the limbic system. Humoral influences from the liquor can influence (endofins) the sensibility of the pain system. 7 1.1.4.5.3. The Neo level The neo level consists of the dorsal ascending pathways, the dorso-lateral and ventral descending pathways, the cerebellar cortex, the lateral thamalus nuclei and the cerebral cortex. It is responsible for the cognitive mental processes, accurate skills and least automatic functions. 7 1.1.4.6. Phylogenetic development of the nervous system The phylogenetic development of the nervous system differs in time for the different levels. The archi-system is the oldest and is identical to that of the lower vertebrates. It is completely developed when born. The paleo-system is younger than the archi-system. It is identical of that of the lower vertebrates but only half developed when born. The neo-system is het youngest system in the phylogenetic evolution. It is much more developed than that of the lower vertebrates and not developed when born. 7 1.1.4.7. Functional properties of the different hierarchic systems of the nervous system Specific properties can be indicated to the different hierarchic levels of the nervous system. 1.1.4.7.1. Functional properties of the Archi level The archi level consists of C and A-d fibres. It is a relatively slow and tonic (continuous) working system that stands for the basic needs of life e.g.: basic survival or most automatic movements and autonomic functions such as basic tonus regulation in the brainstem and medial cerebellum. It is responsible for primary pain modulation e.g.: redraw reflex and increased tonus. 1.1.4.7.2. Functional properties of the Paleo level The paleo level consists especially of A-d, A-b, and C-fibres as well. It is a relative quicker system but also has tonic activity properties. The paleo level supports the archi-level by use of hormonal adaptation and psycho-emotional adaptation. It takes part of the autonomic function (hormonal function), fight/flight reactions in case of stress and pain and posture regulation (static posture balance). 1.1.4.7.3. Functional properties of the Neo level The neo level consists especially of A-a and A-b fibres and is very quick with phasic responses on stimulation. It analyses the information of the archi- and paleosystem and is guided by use of cognitive responses. The least automatic movements are guided and conscious movements. It regulates the dynamic posture balance and automatisation of movements. It is responsible for the organ sense perception and dissociated movement. 1.1.4.7.4. Interaction and control of the different hierarchic systems in the nervous system General principles of interaction among the different hierarchic systems in the nervous system can be summarized as follows. The paleo-system controls the archi-system and guides it. The neo-level controls the archi- and paleo system and guides both. The neo-level surrounds literally the archi and paleo level. The grey matter is situated medially in the nervous system medial in spinal medulla, the white matter laterally. The neo-system keeps the paleo-level and archi-level in harness. The hierarchic construction of the nervous system can be seen as a gate control system that exists on all levels. 7 1.1.4.7.5. Gate-control in the peripheral nerve fibres Axo-axonal connections between lower and higher fibres exist. The A-a and A-b fibres give off collaterals in the dorsal horn. The A-a and A-b attain the spinal medulla faster and prepare it for the arrival of A-d and C-stimuli. Selective stimulation of higher fibres (A-a and A-b fibres) inhibits the working of the fibres of lower order (A-d and C-fibres). 1.1.4.7.6. Gate control in the dorsal horn At the level of the dorsal horn interaction and control mechanisms exist and this phenomen known as Gate-control in the dorsal horn is also known as the gate theory of Melzack en Wall. The outlets of the A-a en A-b neurons shunt on the outlets of the A-d and C-neurons and their neurotransmitters close the ion-channels of these. The descending pathways of the paleo- and neosystem do the same and work on the interneurons and inhibit the A-d and C-neurons. 11 1.1.4.7.7. Gate-control in the brain The cortical pathways control the sub cortical pathways. They inhibit the brainstem reflexes. Conscious movements and intentions inhibit unconscious tonic reflexes (Example: relaxation). The cortical and sub cortical pathways regulate a directed and conscious life. The brainstem provides the autonomic support. This is all controlled by neurotransmitters. The perception of nociceptive pain not only involves the sensation transmitted and regulated by peripheral and central neurons, but is also affected by higher brain functions. 11 1.1.4.7.8. The uptake of nociception information A-d and C-fibres are the only fibres that can registrate nociception. The A-d fibres are quicker and give epicritic pain when the stimulus is attaining the pain centres. Epicritic pain means precise localisation with immediate redraw reflexes. The kind of pain is described as stabbing, boring, tearing or pulling. The impulses of the C-fibres attain the pain centres much later. They give protopathic pain, which is a continuous pain. That pain is not precisely located. Protopathic pain is burning, booring of a kind and continues much longer. It goes together with autonomic reactions, for expample: oedema. 11 1.1.5. The dorsal horn of the spinal medulla 1.1.5.1. General survey of the classification of the grey matter of the spinal medulla The grey matter is divided in the 10 layers of Rexed. This system is named by Rexed who discovered that the neurons in the dorsal horn where organised in layers depending on their function. Every layer is present in different segments and forms rostro-caudal nuclear columns. The counting happens from the dorsal horn to the anterior horn. Every layer is in contact with another by interneurons and dendrites. Layer I and II: nocisensory outlets of both: musculo-skeletal and visceral structures Layer III: intersegmental ascending pathways (dorsal proprium tract) and outlets to the spinothalamic tract (anterolateral quadrant) Layer IV: exclusive nocisensors from the musculoskeletal system Layer V-VI: fibres arriving from the nocisensors of the skin and viscera Layer VII: lateral horn: interneurons and sympathetic neurons Layer VIII en IX: motoneurons for musculoskeletal system Layer X: hormonal neurons In all levels descending pathways arrive from diverse levels of the brain. 1.1.5.2. Somatotopic ordering of nocisensors in the dorsal horn In layer I-II the nocisensors of viscera and musculo-skeletal structures are laying next to each other. They are ordered in a sagittal way from medial to lateral. The medial structures project medial and lateral structures project laterally. In layer V the nocisensors of certain skin areas are lying next to the nocisensors of viscera. Those are ordered in horizontal layers. For example: the organ-nocisensors under the level of the diafragm are lying next to the skin sensors from Th7-Th10. 1.1.5.3. Segmental interactions in the dorsal horn Normal reactions in musculo-skeletal influence the nocisensoric function. Outlets of nocisensors stimulate interneurons. There exists interaction with the spinothalamic tract and interaction with motoric anterior horn cells (somato-somatic relation). Normal reactions in musculo-skeletal nocisensoric function and influence the outlets of nocisensors stimulate the interneurons causing interaction with spinothalamic tract and with the sympathetic lateral horn cells (viscero-visceral relation). 11 Abnormal reactions can occur when the outlets of nocisensors infect the other nocisensors. Those react in turn causing interaction between motoric and visceral responses. This results in a somato-visceral relation, a somato-sympathetic relation and a viscero-somatic relation. 1.1.5.4. The Importance of Wide Dynamic Range Neurons In layer III, wide dynamic range neurons (WDR-neurons) exist. 21 Those WDR-neurons are interneurons that connect all the A-d en C-fibres from the dorsal horn. They project on the spinothalamic tract (antero-lateral quadrant). The ventral pathways go to the reticular formation, medial thalamus and the medial limbic system. The lateral pathways go to the lateral thalamus and cortex. They connect all visceral and motoric stimuli (= summation) with as consequences that motoric and visceral stimuli are sent together to the brain. The brain receives segmental information and no individual information. The brain can project pain to segmental connected structures. This is termed referred pain. Examples are: the stomach ulcer can provoke inter scapular pain or cardiac complaints and can give ulnaris nerve pain. Pain does not always indicate the exact location and origine. Anamnesis, assessment and clinical reasoning are very important. 1.1.5.5. Inhibition and excitation of the dorsal horn Inhibition and excitation of impulses in the dorsal horn can be caused by outlets of peripheral nerves. For example the A-a and A-b can inhibit the A-d and C fibres (pre-synaptic inhibiton). The outlets of the descending pathways can influence the the nerve ends and the interneurons (postsynaptic inhibition/excitation). The interneurons themselves can cause pre- or postsynaptic inhibition/excitation. Summation of stimuli defines the state of the dorsal horn. If a segment is excited or inhibited depends on the som of stimuli. Nocisensory impulses of the peripheral nerves always excite the dorsal horn. Summation of exciting nocisensoric impulses is defined by spatial and temporal facilitation. Temporal facilitation means the timing; spatial facilitation, the diverse structures that are involved. Impulses of A-a and A-b neurons act generally inhibiting. The impulses from the descending pathways can act in both ways. They are also regulated by temporal and spatial factors. The sum of sti mulating and inhibiting stimuli defines the state of the dorsal horn. An excitated dorsal horn provokes a lot of irradiating pain. 1.2. Assessment of Primary and Secondary Hyperalgesia 1.2.1. Definition of primary hyperalgesia Changes in the local sensibility of the afferent neurons as a result of a lesion in the peripheral tissues are termed hyperalgesia. In case of an increased sensibility of the A-a and A-b fibres the primary hyperalgesia is termed allodynia. In case of an increased sensibility of the A-d and C fibres the primary hyperalgesia is termed hyperalgesia. The lesion in the peripheral tissue can be of inflammation or neurogenic origin. 22 1.2.1.1. Pathophysiology of primary hyperalgesia In case of tissue injury bradykinin and ATP is produced at the site of lesion. Those mediators stimulate the blood- and lymphatic vessels, the mast cells and nociceptors. In the circulation inflammatory mediators are released aswell as histamine, serotonin, NGF, leucocytes, trombocytes and others. C-fibres released neuropeptides such as SP and CGRP. Those modulate and stimulate the release of other inflammatory mediators aswell. All those mediators are termed the inflammatory soup. Those mediators also stimulate the C-fibres which causes a vicious circle. The sympathetic nerve terminals are stimulated by inflammation and release noradrenalin which also stimulates the C-fibres. The sympathetic coupling between C-fibres and sympathetic end neurons occurs. The presence of inflammatory mediators decreases the threshold of all types of endneurons with as a result local allodynia and hyperalgesia. The allodynia and hyperalgesia can spread in the surrounding tissue, by stimulating the surro unding neurons. This is termed the flair zone. 22,23 Figure 16: Consequences of tissue injury: the inflammatory soup. 14 1.2.1.2. Primary hyperalgesia and the dorsal horn The A-d mechanoreceptors and nociceptors, and C-nocisensors stimulate the dorsal horn of somatic connected segments. As a consequence a temporary wind-up can occur. A wind-up is an over stimulation that can hold on for 72 hours. A refectory muscular reaction occurs around the lesion aswell. As a result the stimulation via the ascending pathways (antero-lateral quadrant) to the brain increases. Protopatic pain (quick, stabbing pain) followed by epicritical pain (boring, continuous pain) occurs. The brainstem regulates the autonomic reactions further such as sympathetic, hormonal, and emotional. The C-nocisensors give stimuli to the sympathetic connected segments. As a result the sympathetic system stimulates the C-endneurons (= sympathetic coupling) and vasoconstriction on the arterioles and lymphatic vessels. 20,24 1.2.1.3. Primary hyperalgesia and nerve injury When compressed inflammation occurs as prescribed above. In case of long standing injury, an ectopic injury occurs. This can be located on different locations on the peripheral nerve with the result that hyperalgesia and allodynia occurs on the course of the nerve, the connected dermatomes and this from the nerve root! In the spinal ganglion of the nerve, the sympathetic endneurons grow round the nerve cells with the occurrence of basket formations as a result. Consequently sympathetic maintained pain (SMP) occurs, also termed causalgia. This phenomon can continue for 7 to 10 weeks after the lesion but can also continue afterwards. 10 25 To summarize we can state that inflammation provokes a local hyperalgesia and allodynia, which spreads over the flair zone. Locally a vicious circle between the inflammatory soup and C-fibres takes place and sympathetic coupling between sympathetic end-neurons and C-fibres occurs. This continues until the tissue heals. Normally the medulla reacts with a temporary wind-up and a normal stimulus-response reaction. In case of neurogenic injury, causalgia may occur and sensitisation of the dorsal horn is possible. 22 1.2.1.4. Clinical pain assessment in case of primary hyperalgesia During the pain assessment, in case of primary hyperalgesia, when brushing or by use of punctuate stimuli the following properties are local allodynia and hyperalgesia restricted to the flair zone. In case of a nerve injury the flair zone is restricted to the course of the nerve root. Local sympathetic reactions occur when inflamed but are restricted in time. In case of allodynia and hyperalgesia when brushing and applying punctuated stimuli on the course of the nerve or a part of it, sympathetic reactions in the dermatome of the nerve can occure aswell. 22 1.2.2. Definition of Secondary Hyperalgesia An increased sensibility of all types of nerve fibres that continues outside the flair zone of the original lesion, linked to the course of the hyperalgesia and allodynia around the tissue, is termed secondary hyperalgesia. 22 1.2.2.1. Pathophysiology of secondary hyperalgesia When tissue is injured, nociceptors stimulate the interneurons by use of neurotransmitters such as SP, CGRP, NO, Ca, etc. The A-a and A-b neurons provide inhibiting neurotransmitters and the descending pathways give exciting or inhibiting mediators. The WDR-neurons receive al those impulses and send them to the spino-thalamic tract. WDR-neuron receptors differ. Some open ion-channels using inhibiting neurotransmitters, others open ion-channels using exciting neurotransmitters depending on the kind of receptor. If the stimulus acts inhibiting or exciting depends on the quantity of the opened inhibiting- or exciting ion-channels. In case of secondary hyperalgesia, more excitatory stimuli exist and insufficient inhibiting ways are activated. The WDR-neurons will work exiciting as well because of the fact they do not only activate the spino-thalamic pathways but also on the incoming stimulating neurons. As a result a vicious circle occurs in the dorsal horn. This provokes a decreased thr eshold of the present neurons. The sensors are also stimulated by the dorsal horn and not only by the local lesion. They become sensitized over their whole course with the consequence that the central hyperalgesia is linked to the lesion. When the local lesion is healing, the central allodynia will also disappear. Hyperalgesia is not as much linked to the course of the lesion but can last longer. Its origin is mostly caused by temporal and spatial summation of exciting stimuli. 22 1.2.2.2. Clinical pain assessment in case of secondary hyperalgesia During the pain assessment, when touching (brushing) and applying punctuate stimuli local hyperalgesia en allodynia and extending hyperalgesia and allodynia can be observed. When the pain occurs outsite the spinal column area the touching (brushing) and applied punctuate stimuli starting from the lesion and over the dermatome near by. The application must be enlarged to the neighbouring dermatomes and also to the corresponding segments of the spine. Always compare with the opposite side. Differentiate allodynia and hyperalgesia. 22 In case of primary hyperalgia the allodynia and/or hyperalgesia is restricted to the lesion area and flair zone. The allodynia disappears before the hyperalges

Obe: The Restructuring Of American Society. :: essays research papers

OBE: The Restructuring Of American Society. There has been a concern for some time throughout America regarding the quality of public education. Students are graduating from highschool without adequate knowledge of the three R's. Universities are recruiting a multitude of incompetent pseudo-scholars. Employers don't understand why the new generation of workers do not possess the basic skills to perform the job. It would appear that American students are not learning as much as their parents did. And yet, teachers are still teaching, taxes are still being paid, and more funds than ever are being appropriated for public education. What's going on in America's classrooms? Up until the 1980's most schools used a standards based curriculum. In the traditional classroom setting, educators focused on the input side of education, teaching a specific body of knowledge. Students were graded against predefined standards and passed or failed based on their ability to meet those standards. This method of teaching produced a graduate with a well rounded education, and prepared him for further development of career skills. With the exception of those who did not apply themselves, the system worked. Today America's educators take a new approach in the classroom. The focus of education has moved to measuring what students can do, rather than what they understand. This is the core principle of Outcomes Based Education (OBE). An outcome, by definition, is something that follows as a result or consequence. So OBE then, is an approach to education where the end result is the most important factor. This is very important in understanding what OBE is, and what it intends to do. In the OBE classroom, every aspect of the curriculum is geared toward achieving a small group of specific goals. To gain an insight into OBE, it is necessary to learn something about its origins and those promoting it. B. F. Skinner, a psychologist and learning theorist, developed the techniques of learning (operant conditioning) based on conditioning phenomena first analyzed scientifically by Pavlov. Skinner called his technique his "teaching machine." Skinner thus developed the principles on which "Mastery Learning" was developed by Benjamin Bloom. Mastery Learning was the original name for the process known today as Outcome Based Education, also known as Performance Based Education, or Restructuring. Educational theories used in OBE are based on Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. A curriculum, according to Bloom, "...may be thought of as a plan for changing student behavior." (p 14 of Ron Sunseri's book OBE: Understanding the Truth about Education Reform, Questar Publishers, P.O. Box 1720, Sisters, OR 97759) Bloom called it "Mastery Learning." Techniques for his new style of education, based on Skinnerian behavioral psychology, focus on

Greek Influences on Western Civilization :: essays research papers

Ancient Greek Contributions It is always important to look to the past in order to move towards the future. This was done in the formation of Western Society, and more specifically the formation of American society. The Greek culture served as a frame of reference for many aspects of Western life including government, architecture, math and the arts. Ancient Greek culture served as a very broad base for our society to be built upon. During the age of Pericles, the ideal form of government was believed to be a government formed by all of the citizens regardless of wealth or social standing. This was known as democracy, literally meaning â€Å" government of the people† [Document 3.] This government favored the many instead of the few. Athens was a direct democracy, meaning every citizen participated in debates. Western civilization used this philosophy of government by many, and created an indirect democracy where citizens elect officials to make and enforce laws. Geometry, a cornerstone in modern civilization, also had its beginnings in Ancient Greece. Euclid, a mathematician, formed many geometric proofs and theories [Document 5]. He also came to one of the most significant discoveries of math, Pi. This number showed the ratio between the diameter and circumference of a circle. Grecian architecture formed its own conventions in the ancient world, buildings in Greece were built with meticulous mathematic design. Great buildings were believed to be symmetrical, and perfectly proportioned [Document 7]. Another prominent aspect of ancient Greek architecture is the extensive use of columns. There were three basic types used, Doric which were plain capitals, ionic in which the capitals were fashioned after ram’s horns, and Corinthian which were made to mirror acanthus leaves. Greek Influences on Western Civilization :: essays research papers Ancient Greek Contributions It is always important to look to the past in order to move towards the future. This was done in the formation of Western Society, and more specifically the formation of American society. The Greek culture served as a frame of reference for many aspects of Western life including government, architecture, math and the arts. Ancient Greek culture served as a very broad base for our society to be built upon. During the age of Pericles, the ideal form of government was believed to be a government formed by all of the citizens regardless of wealth or social standing. This was known as democracy, literally meaning â€Å" government of the people† [Document 3.] This government favored the many instead of the few. Athens was a direct democracy, meaning every citizen participated in debates. Western civilization used this philosophy of government by many, and created an indirect democracy where citizens elect officials to make and enforce laws. Geometry, a cornerstone in modern civilization, also had its beginnings in Ancient Greece. Euclid, a mathematician, formed many geometric proofs and theories [Document 5]. He also came to one of the most significant discoveries of math, Pi. This number showed the ratio between the diameter and circumference of a circle. Grecian architecture formed its own conventions in the ancient world, buildings in Greece were built with meticulous mathematic design. Great buildings were believed to be symmetrical, and perfectly proportioned [Document 7]. Another prominent aspect of ancient Greek architecture is the extensive use of columns. There were three basic types used, Doric which were plain capitals, ionic in which the capitals were fashioned after ram’s horns, and Corinthian which were made to mirror acanthus leaves.

Ernest Hemingway Essay

Ernest Miller Hemingway was considered one of the great American authors of the 20th century. Hemingway’s unique style of writing set him apart from other authors of this time and of today. He influenced many generations of authors with his style of using powerful, precise words. He used few adjectives, simple verbs, and short sentences in his works. Hemingway believed that his writing should be based on knowledge that he had acquired on a particular subject through his own personal life. In a passage from Hemingway’s Death in the Afternoon, he wrote â€Å"If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. † This is in fact why Hemingway wrote most of his novels and stories in the first person point of view. Hemingway was also known for the dialogue he wrote between his characters. This allowed the reader to see his character’s emotions and inner thoughts. Ernest Hemingway’s style challenged readers to look below the surface for the meaning of his words. This was known as the â€Å"Iceberg Theory† because the tip of an iceberg is the only visible portion above the sea while the largest part is far below the sea. The â€Å"Hemingway hero†, a male character who faces violence and destruction with courage, and the â€Å"Hemingway code†, unemotional behavior in difficult and dangerous situations, were also trademarks of Hemingway’s style. To better understand Ernest Hemingway as an author, one must first look at Hemingway as a person. Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899 in Illinois. As a young boy, Hemingway enjoyed hunting and fishing at the family cabin in rural Michigan. These outings allowed him to gain appreciation for Mother Nature, and to look for adventure in many parts of the world. This love of the outdoors was reflected in many of his writings, such as The Green Hills of Africa published in 1935. During Hemingway’s high school years, he was editor of the school newspaper. This was the beginning of his writing career. Shortly after graduation, Hemingway went into battle during World War I, where he was an ambulance driver. He became injured and returned to Illinois where he landed a job with the Toronto Star. He became a war correspondent, moved to Paris, and got the opportunity to interview many European political leaders, such as Mussolini. These two events influenced Hemingway to write his first best-seller, A Farewell to Arms, in 1929. Hemingway’s job, a reporter and journalist, required him to write short and to-the-point articles, which was how he wrote as an author. In 1929, this style of writing led Hemingway to write and publish his first work, Three Stories and Ten Poems. Hemingway the author was born. Ernest Hemingway was married four times. The first two marriages failed because Hemingway was unhappy, the third failed because his wife was unhappy, and the fourth continued until the end of Hemingway’s life. Hemingway never had a female as the main character in his works. In 1939, Hemingway’s father committed suicide after battling high blood pressure and diabetes for many years. The painful experience of his father’s death influenced the novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway moved to Cuba in 1945 where he wrote The Old Man and the Sea, a novel about an old fisherman who battled a giant marlin and the sea. This novel won Hemingway a Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, this novel also won Ernest Hemingway the Nobel Prize for Literature. He could not attend the ceremonies because of injuries he received in a near fatal plane crash. Hemingway was forced to move back to the United States in 1960 because of the communist movement led by Fidel Castro. Hemingway’s health began to deteriate. His injuries from the plane crash prevented him from enjoying his love for the outdoors and his love for writing. Hemingway sank into a state of depression and shot himself, just as his father had done some years earlier. Hemingway had several unfinished works, such as The Garden of Eden and A Moveable Feast, which were published to satisfy the reading public who longed for more of his great style of writing. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† were two short stories written by Ernest Hemingway during his career as an author. They both show Hemingway’s ability to entertain the reader with his short, simple well-known style, along with a bit of Hemingway’s personal beliefs and life. They are short on words, as a journalist would write, but not on the themes, that Hemingway the author wanted to convey to the reader. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† was a story about a girl and an American male who were discussing the fate of their unborn child. The story took place in a bar or cafe in Spain. Hemingway made the reader look for the true meaning of the story starting with the title by using symbolism. The story had nothing to do with â€Å"hills† or â€Å"white elephants†, but Hemingway’s choice of words and his use of dialogue between the two people soon guided the reader to realize that the title represented the real problem being dealt with by the girl and the American. The â€Å"hills† represented the two choices, or decisions, the girl had to make, either keep the baby alive in her womb or have an abortion. The â€Å"hills† might also have represented the difficulties of relationships. One hill is described as â€Å"fields of grain and trees†, or fertile, while the other is described as â€Å"having no shade and no trees†, or barren. The â€Å"white elephant† symbolized the mystery of what life had to offer, or something that nobody wanted–the baby. The dialogue used between the girl and the American showed the reader that the relationship was strained, â€Å"Just because you say I wouldn’t have doesn’t prove anything. â€Å"The American also tried to get the girl to see things his way by saying that the abortion he wanted her to have â€Å"is perfectly simple. † The story was typical of Hemingway’s â€Å"Iceberg Theory†. There was more going on in the story than just a conversation at a bar. The story was also a bit different from most of Hemingway’s other works. He seemed to have made the girl more superior than the male, more like a â€Å"Hemingway hero†, and also allowed her to display the â€Å"Hemingway code†, † I feel fine. â€Å", even though she was faced with a big decision in her life-one that could change it no matter what she chose. â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† was a story about an old man, a young waiter, and an old waiter. This story also took place in a bar in some Spanish speaking country. The story dealt with the light inside the cafe and the darkness inside the old man. The cafe was a place the old man could escape the darkness, boredom, and nothingness-the† Nada†, of his life. It is well lit and represented a place the old man could seek comfort. Hemingway used this character to demonstrate that â€Å"darkness†, or death, awaits us all. Again, He used dialogue to let the reader see how the characters emotionally felt. The young waiter was aggravated by the old man’s presence and said, â€Å"I wish he would go home. † Hemingway did not give the characters in this short story names because that was not necessary information for the reader. The reader only needed to feel the ideas in the story, Hemingway believed that it was not his name that was important but his words in his works. His concise wording gave the reader a chance to see his characters personalities. The young waiter stated that â€Å"An old man is a nasty thing. † which showed the reader that he had very little respect for the aging. During Hemingway’s final years, he resembled the old man in the cafe. Both were depressed and Hemingway wrote that he â€Å"tried to commit suicide†. The only difference between them was the old man did not succeed and Hemingway did. This story was also typical of his â€Å"Iceberg Theory†. There was much more going on in the bar than just people drinking. The old man also demonstrated the â€Å"Hemingway hero† and the â€Å"Hemingway code†. He faced death with courage and tried to show little or no emotion about his life ending. Many criticized Ernest Hemingway for his personal and sometimes less than perfect lifestyle, but very few critics can find fault in his literary works. They are works of a brilliant author who was very skilled at what he loved to do—write. According to the July 7, 1999 issue of Time Magazine, Ernest Hemingway deserved the Nobel Prize for Literature and â€Å"the trumpets of fame† that went with this prestigious honor. He received this award for his best selling novel, The Old Man and the Sea. â€Å"He broke the bounds of American writing, enriched U. S. Literature ?. and showed new ways to new generations of writers. † He was only one of five other American born writers to receive this honor. It also stated that Hemingway wrote this novel â€Å"over 200 times† before he felt it was ready for publication and that perhaps he was his own â€Å"best critic†. The words Hemingway wrote were described as â€Å"?. an organic being of their own. Every syllable counts toward a stimulating, entrancing experience of magic† and â€Å"fibrous and athletic, colloquial and fresh, hard and clean†. Ernest Hemingway was referred to as â€Å"an artist and brilliant with whatever words he chose to paint with. † Ernest Hemingway was a very interesting person and an enriching author. I enjoyed reading and studying the two short stories, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place†. His style of using dialogue, symbolism, and concise wording made these works a challenge? but a challenge I liked. Hemingway worked timelessly to perfect his writing so that it could be appreciated by readers of all ages? even those of us who thought literature was not for them. Bibliography â€Å"Ernest (Miller) Hemingway. † DISCovering Authors. Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 12 April 2007< http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/SRC> Hunt, Douglas. The Riverside Anthology of Literature. Dallas: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. Kramer, Victor A. â€Å"Hemingway, Ernest. † World Book Online Reference Center. 2007. 12 April 2007. Kunitz, Stanley J. Twentieth Century Authors. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1955. Segall, Mary T. Portals. Philadelphia: Harcourt Brace College, 1999.